A tsunami (Japanese: 津波) (/(t)suːˈnɑːmi, (t)sʊˈ-/ (t)soo-NAH-mee, (t)suu- pronounced [tsɯnami]) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.
Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide. For this reason, it is often referred to as a tidal wave, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal relationship between tides and tsunamis. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.
The Ancient Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his 5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of tsunamis remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include determining why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; accurately forecasting the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and forecasting how tsunami waves interact with shorelines.
Terminology
Tsunami
i" is a borrowing from the Japanese tsunami 津波, meaning "harbour wave". For the plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice and add an s, or use an invariable plural as in the Japanese. Some English speakers alter the word's initial /ts/ to an /s/ by dropping the "t", since English does not natively permit /ts/ at the beginning of words, though the original Japanese pronunciation is /ts/.
Tidal wave
Tsunami aftermath in Aceh, Indonesia, December 2004. Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as tidal waves. This once-popular term derives from the most common appearance of a tsunami, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunamis and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of a tsunami, the inland movement of water may be much greater, giving the impression of an incredibly high and forceful tide. In recent years, the term "tidal wave" has fallen out of favour, especially in the scientific community, because the causes of tsunamis have nothing to do with those of tides, which are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun rather than the displacement of water. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling"[16] or "having the form or character of"[17] the tides, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.
A 1969 episode of the TV crime show Hawaii Five-O entitled "Forty Feet High and It Kills!" used the terms "tsunami" and "tidal wave" interchangeably.
Seismic sea wave
The term seismic sea wave is also used to refer to the phenomenon, because the waves most often are generated by seismic activity such as earthquakes. Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than tidal wave. However, like tsunami, seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes – including underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice slumping into the ocean, meteorite impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly – can generate such waves by displacing water.
Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide. For this reason, it is often referred to as a tidal wave, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal relationship between tides and tsunamis. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.
The Ancient Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his 5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of tsunamis remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include determining why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; accurately forecasting the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and forecasting how tsunami waves interact with shorelines.
Terminology
Tsunami
i" is a borrowing from the Japanese tsunami 津波, meaning "harbour wave". For the plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice and add an s, or use an invariable plural as in the Japanese. Some English speakers alter the word's initial /ts/ to an /s/ by dropping the "t", since English does not natively permit /ts/ at the beginning of words, though the original Japanese pronunciation is /ts/.
Tidal wave
Tsunami aftermath in Aceh, Indonesia, December 2004. Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as tidal waves. This once-popular term derives from the most common appearance of a tsunami, which is that of an extraordinarily high tidal bore. Tsunamis and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of a tsunami, the inland movement of water may be much greater, giving the impression of an incredibly high and forceful tide. In recent years, the term "tidal wave" has fallen out of favour, especially in the scientific community, because the causes of tsunamis have nothing to do with those of tides, which are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun rather than the displacement of water. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling"[16] or "having the form or character of"[17] the tides, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.
A 1969 episode of the TV crime show Hawaii Five-O entitled "Forty Feet High and It Kills!" used the terms "tsunami" and "tidal wave" interchangeably.
Seismic sea wave
The term seismic sea wave is also used to refer to the phenomenon, because the waves most often are generated by seismic activity such as earthquakes. Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than tidal wave. However, like tsunami, seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes – including underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice slumping into the ocean, meteorite impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly – can generate such waves by displacing water.
Tsunami
सुनामी - सुनामी वर संस्कृत निबंध - सुनामी पर संस्कृत निबंध - Sanskrit Essay on Tsunami
त्सुनामी इति काचित् समुद्रजलस्य एका दीर्घा घातका च श्रुंखला। त्सुनामी भूकम्पेन ज्वालामुख्या वा भूता समुद्रजलस्य धूता। त्सुनामी साधारणत: भूकम्पेन पश्चात् आगच्छति। त्सुनामी इति जपानीभाषायां द्विशब्दानां सन्धि:। त्सु इति शब्दस्य अर्थ: द्वीप: नामी इति शब्दस्य अर्थ: ऊर्मि: च। त्सुनामी एनया कृतं ऊर्म्या: च समुद्रस्य ऊर्मय: च नैव तुल्या:। त्सुनामी एतया: तरंगा: अतीव उच्चानि लम्बानि च। एता: ऊर्मय: सामान्या: वा उत्तुंगा: वा दृश्यते। अधुना नैके प्रकारै: त्सुनामी ऊर्म्या: संशोधनं शक्यम् अभवत्। कस्मिन्नपि क्षेत्रे यदि भूकम्प: समुत्पतित: तर्हि त्सुनामी तरंगै: काचिद्धानि: भवति वा न वा एतेषां पूर्वसूचनापि दीयते। विविधै: प्रकारै: सूचना: ददित्वा अपि त्सुनामी ऊर्मीनां निष्कासनं न करणीय:। तदा त्सुनामी एका महती विपत्ति:। २००४ तमॆ ख्रिस्तवर्षे भूता त्सुनामी अतीव हानिकारका अभूत्। अधुना संशोधकानां चिन्तनीय: विषय: यत्- दीर्घा: दृढा: भूकम्पै: न च त्सुनामी समुत्पन्ना किन्तु अबलाढ्यै: भूकम्पै: तु हानि: भवति- किं युक्तमेतत्?
इतिहास:
ग्रीसदेशे थुसाइडेसिस नाम क: अपि इतिहासकार: अभवत्तेन च ४२६ तमॆ ख्रिस्तपूर्वे त्सुनामी कृते एषा सामुद्रिक-भूकम्पेन जाता इति विचार: प्रस्तुत:। एष: महोदयेन प्रस्तुत: विचार:-
अर्थात्-
मम भूमिकया एतस्या: आपत्या: कारणं भूकम्प: अस्ति। यं बिन्दुम् अभित: भूकम्पस्य वेदना अतीव तीव्रा तस्य एव बिन्दुस्योपरि समुद्रतरंगा: उड्डयन्ति। द्विशक्त्या समुद्रं हानि: लभते। मम दृष्ट्या तु भूकम्पेन विना एषा हानि: अशक्या एव।
रोमदेशे अम्मालिनस मारसेलस(रेस गेस्तान्तर्गतं २६।१०।१५-१९) इति नाम्न: इतिहासकारेण त्सुनामी एतस्या: कारणं संशोधित:।यदि जपानदेश: त्सुनामी विपत्त्या: सर्वाधिक: पीडित: देश: तर्हि सुमात्राद्वीपे आगता २००४ तमॆ ख्रिस्तवर्षस्य त्सुनामी सर्वाधिका हानिकारका भूता। एतया २,३०,००० मृत्यव: अभवत्।
त्सुनामी तरंगाणां विशेषता
त्सुनामी तरंगा: द्विकारणयो: हानि: कुरुत:।प्रथम: यत्- जलस्य अतीव दीर्घ: जाड्य: च व्यापकता। द्वितीय: च यत्- अतीव आक्रामकया शक्त्या आगता: तरंगा:।सामान्या: तरंगा: २ मीटर तरंगा: अस्ति तर्हि त्सुनामी तरंगा: १५ मीटर वा उचिता: वा अस्ति। त्सुनामी इति विपत्त्या: बहव: कारणा: अस्ति किन्तु अत्र ते न उपलब्धा:। आंग्लभाषायां विकिपीडिया तेषां योग्य: मार्गदर्शन: करोति।
त्सुनामी विपत्तय:
| क्र। | आपत्ति: नाम | स्थान: | दिनांक:(ख्रिस्ताब्दे) | भूकम्पस्य तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| १ | कस्काडीया त्सुनामी | वैकुवरद्वीपा:, कनाडा | २६ जानेवारी, १७०० तमे | ९।० |
| २ | होएई त्सुनामी | होएई, कोची प्रभागे, जपान | २६ ओक्टोबर,१७०७ | ८।४ |
| ३ | पश्चिम होक्काईडो त्सुनामी | पश्चिम होक्काईडो, जपान | २९ ओगस्ट, १७४१ | |
| ४ | महती लिस्बोन त्सुनामी | लिस्बोन, पोर्तुगल | १ नोवेम्बर, १७७५ | ८।५-९।० |
| ५ | महती याएयामाद्वीपा: त्सुनामी | याएयामाद्वीपा:, ओकिनावा, जपान | ४ अप्रैल, १७७१ | ७।४ |
| ६ | उनझेन पर्वता: त्सुनामी | उनझेन पर्वता:, नागासाकी प्रभाग:, क्युशू, जपान | २१ मे, १७९२(ज्वालामुखी तु फेब्रुवारी तमे प्राभूता) | ६।४ |
| ७ | सुमात्रा त्सुनामी | सुमात्राद्वीप:, इंडोनेशिया | २५ नोवेम्बर, १८३३ | ८।८-९।२ |
| ८ | आन्सेई महती त्सुनामी | आईची प्रभाग:, शिझोऊका प्रभाग:, वाकायामा प्रभाग: एहिमे प्रभाग: च | अनुक्रमेण ४ नोवेम्बर, ५ नो।, ७ नो। च, १८५४ | ८।४-७।४ |
| ९ | आन्सेई त्सुनामी | एडो, जपान | १८५५ तमॆ | ७।० |
very usefull
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